The causal model of elite athletes' burnout based on athletes' perfectionism during the Covid-19: the mediating role of coaching style
Subject Areas : Psychology
Sahar
Zarei
1
(Department of Motor Behavior and Sports Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran)
Mahmoud
Mohebi
2
(Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. )
Hassan
Garayagh Zandi
3
(Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. )
Keywords: COVID-19, Personality, Burnout, Elite athletes, Coaching style.,
Abstract :
Burnout encompassed a host of medical, psychological, emotional and performance-related issues that can always be affected by individual and coach factors in elite athletes; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and burnout, mediated by perceived coaching style in the context of the Covid-19 epidemic. In this cross-sectional study, 258 elite athletes (M= 22.05 years, SD= 3.08; 148 male) participated and completed scales of multidimensional perfectionism, athlete burnout and coaching style. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics by structural equation modeling. The results indicate that direct paths perfectionism to burnout, perfectionism to coaching style, coaching style to burnout, and indirect pathways to perfectionism to burnout were mediating by coaching style, significant. The results indicate that during the COVID 19, athletes who are less able to organize performance standards and expectations of themselves and others, and who are more committed to meeting external demands, are at higher risk of burnout. One could develop coach-education programmes that challenge beliefs regarding the effectiveness of controlling coaching behaviors to reduce perfectionist tendencies and expectations in athletes. In doing so, one might curtail the risk of burnout in athlete during the COVID 19.
Ahmadi, N., Abdoli, B., & Ariafar, M. (2014). Psychometric properties of Persian version of the athlete burnout questionnaire (ABQ) in athletes. Journal of Sport Psychology Studies, 9(3), 93-102.
Appleton, P. R., & Hill, A. P. (2012). Perfectionism and athlete burnout in junior elite athletes: The mediating role of motivation regulations. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 6(2), 129-145.
Arbab, B., Vaez, M. S. M. K., Nasri, S., & Nasiri, E. Validity and reliability of the Persian version of Controlling Coach Behavior Scale (CCBS). Sport Psychology, 4(2), 93-110.
Ataii, M., Asadzadeh, H., & Seadatee Shamir, A. (2021). The Effect of Self-Regulation on Academic Resiliency with Mediation of Autonomous Motivation. Journal of Psychology, 2(98), 170.
Barcza-Renner, K., Eklund, R. C., Morin, A. J., & Habeeb, C. M. (2016). Controlling coaching behaviors and athlete burnout: Investigating the mediating roles of perfectionism and motivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 38(1), 30-44.
Barnett, M. D., & Johnson, D. M. (2016). The perfectionism social disconnection model: The mediating role of communication styles. Personality and individual differences, 94, 200-205.
Bartholomew, K. J., Ntoumanis, N., & Thøgersen-Ntoumani, C. (2010). The controlling interpersonal style in a coaching context: Development and initial validation of a psychometric scale. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 32(2), 193-216.
Besharat, M. A. (2011). Development and validation of Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 79-83.
Bicalho, C. C. F., & Da Costa, V. T. (2018). Burnout in elite athletes: a systematic review. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte, 18(1), 89-102.
Burns, D. D. (1980). The perfectionist’s script for self-defeat. Psychology today, 14(6), 34-52.
Chang, W. H., Chi, L., Wu, C. H., & Chen, L. H. (2018). When Does Perceived Coach Autonomy Support Help Reduce Athlete Burnout? The Role of Athletes’ Experiential Avoidance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, Forthcoming.
Costa, S., Santi, G., di Fronso, S., Montesano, C., Di Gruttola, F., Ciofi, E. G. . . . Bertollo, M. (2020). Athletes and adversities: athletic identity and emotional regulation in time of COVID-19. Sport sciences for health, 16(4), 609-618.
Davis, C. (1997). Normal and neurotic perfectionism in eating disorders: An interactive model. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 22(4), 421-426.
Donachie, T. C., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2018). The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and pre-competition emotions of youth footballers. Psychology of sport and exercise, 37, 33-42.
Evans, A. L., Turner, M. J., Pickering, R., & Powditch, R. (2018). The effects of rational and irrational coach team talks on the cognitive appraisal and achievement goal orientation of varsity football athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(3), 431-438.
Flett, G. L., & Hewitt, P. L. (2020). The perfectionism pandemic meets COVID-19: understanding the stress, distress, and problems in living for perfectionists during the Global Health crisis. J Concurr Disord, 2, 80-105.
Flett, G. L., Nepon, T., Hewitt, P. L., Zaki-Azat, J., Rose, A. L., & Swiderski, K. (2020). The Mistake Rumination Scale: Development, validation, and utility of a measure of cognitive perfectionism. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 38(1), 84-98.
Freire, G. L. M., da Cruz Sousa, V., Alves, J. F. N., de Moraes, J. F. V. N., de Oliveira, D. V., & do Nascimento Junior, J. R. A. (2020). Are the traits of perfectionism associated with pre-competitive anxiety in young athletes? Perfectionism and pre competitive anxiety in young athletes. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 20(2), 37-46.
Frost, R. O., Marten, P., Lahart, C., & Rosenblate, R. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive therapy and research, 14(5), 449-468.
Gnilka, P. B., Broda, M. D., & Group, S. f. S. W. (2019). Multidimensional perfectionism, depression, and anxiety: Tests of a social support mediation model. Personality and individual differences, 139, 295-300.
González-García, H., Martinent, G., & Trinidad Morales, A. (2019). Perceived coach leadership profiles and relationship with burnout, coping, and emotions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1785.
Granz, H. L., Schnell, A., Mayer, J., & Thiel, A. (2019). Risk profiles for athlete burnout in adolescent elite athletes: A classification analysis. Psychology of sport and exercise, 41, 130-141.
Gustafsson, H., Hassmén, P., Kenttä, G., & Johansson, M. (2008). A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 9(6), 800-816.
Gustafsson, H., DeFreese, J. D., & Madigan, D. J. (2017). Athlete burnout: Review and recommendations. Current opinion in psychology, 16, 109-113.
Haraldsen, H. M., Halvari, H., Solstad, B. E., Abrahamsen, F. E., & Nordin-Bates, S. M. (2019). The role of perfectionism and controlling conditions in Norwegian elite junior performers’ motivational processes. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1366.
Hewitt, P. L., & Flett, G. L. (1993). Dimensions of perfectionism, daily stress, and depression: A test of the specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of abnormal psychology, 102(1), 58.
Hewitt, P. L., Flett, G. L., Turnbull-Donovan, W., & Mikail, S. F. (1991). The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3(3), 464.
Hewitt, P., Flett, G., and Mikail, S. (2017). Perfectionism: A Relational Approach to Conceptualization, Assessment, and Treatment. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Hill, A. P., Hall, H. K., Appleton, P. R., & Kozub, S. A. (2008). Perfectionism and burnout in junior elite soccer players: The mediating influence of unconditional self-acceptance. Psychology of sport and exercise, 9(5), 630-644.
Isoard-Gautheur, S., Trouilloud, D., Gustafsson, H., & Guillet-Descas, E. (2016). Associations between the perceived quality of the coach–athlete relationship and athlete burnout: An examination of the mediating role of achievement goals. Psychology of sport and exercise, 22, 210-217.
Jensen, S. N., Ivarsson, A., Fallby, J., Dankers, S., & Elbe, A.-M. (2018). Depression in Danish and Swedish elite football players and its relation to perfectionism and anxiety. Psychology of sport and exercise, 36, 147-155.
Jowett, G. E., Hill, A. P., Curran, T., Hall, H. K., & Clements, L. (2021). Perfectionism, burnout, and engagement in dance: The moderating role of autonomy support. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 10(1), 133–148.
Katagami, E., & Tsuchiya, H. (2017). Effects of social support on athletes’ psychological well-being: the correlations among received support, perceived support, and personality. Psychology, 7, 1741–1752.
Kelly, A. L., Erickson, K., & Turnnidge, J. (2020). Youth sport in the time of COVID-19: considerations for researchers and practitioners. Managing Sport and Leisure, 16(2), 1–11.
Kim, S., Park, S., Love, A., & Pang, T. C. (2021). Coaching style, sport enjoyment, and intent to continue participation among artistic swimmers. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 16(3), 477-489.
Lizmore, M. R., Dunn, J. G., & Dunn, J. C. (2017). Perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and reactions to poor personal performances among intercollegiate athletes. Psychology of sport and exercise, 33, 75-84.
Mandel, T., Dunkley, D. M., & Starrs, C. J. (2018). Self-critical perfectionism, daily interpersonal sensitivity, and stress generation: A four-year longitudinal study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40(4), 701-713.
Matosic, D., Ntoumanis, N., & Quested, E. (2016). Antecedents of need supportive and controlling interpersonal styles from a self-determination theory perspective: A review and implications for sport psychology research. Sport and exercise psychology research, 145-180.
Morbée, S., Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., & Haerens, L. (2020). Why do sport coaches adopt a controlling coaching style? The role of an evaluative context and psychological need frustration. The Sport Psychologist, 34(2), 89-98.
Nakisa, N., & Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar, M. (2021). Effect of the COVID-19 Detraining on Athletes’ Psychological Health. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 12(2).
Nichol, A. J., Hall, E. T., Vickery, W., & Hayes, P. R. (2019). Examining the relationships between coaching practice and athlete “outcomes”: A systematic review and critical realist critique. International Sport Coaching Journal, 6(1), 13-29.
Olsson, L. F., Madigan, D. J., Hill, A. P., & Grugan, M. C. (2021b). Do athlete and coach performance perfectionism predict athlete burnout? European Journal of Sport Science, 1-12.
Olsson, L. F., Grugan, M. C., Martin, J. N., & Madigan, D. J. (2021a). Perfectionism and Burnout in Athletes: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1(aop), 1-20.
Preacher, K.J., & Hayes, A.F. (2008). Contemporary approaches to assessing mediation in communication research. In A. F. Hayes, M. D. Slater, & L. B. Snyder (Eds.), The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research (pp. 13-54). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Pulido, J. J., García-Calvo, T., Leo, F. M., Figueiredo, A. J., Sarmento, H., & Sánchez-Oliva, D. (2020). Perceived coach interpersonal style and basic psychological needs as antecedents of athlete-perceived coaching competency and satisfaction with the coach: A multi-level analysis. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 9(1), 16–28.
Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of an athlete burnout measure. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 23(4), 281-306.
Reardon, C. L., Bindra, A., Blauwet, C., Budgett, R., Campriani, N., Currie, A. . . . Purcell, R. (2021). Mental health management of elite athletes during COVID-19: a narrative review and recommendations. British journal of sports medicine, 55(11), 608-615.
Reeve, J. (2009). Why teachers adopt a controlling motivating style toward students and how they can become more autonomy supportive. Educational psychologist, 44(3), 159-175.
Rocchi, M. A., Guertin, C., Pelletier, L. G., & Sweet, S. N. (2020). Performance trajectories for competitive swimmers: The role of coach interpersonal behaviors and athlete motivation. Motivation Science, 6(3), 285–296.
Sarı, İ., & Bayazıt, B. (2017). The relationship between perceived coaching behaviours, motivation and self-efficacy in wrestlers. Journal of human kinetics, 57, 239.
Smith, E. P., Hill, A. P., & Hall, H. K. (2018). Perfectionism, burnout, and depression in youth soccer players: A longitudinal study. Journal of clinical sport psychology, 12(2), 179-200.
Smith, R. E. (1986). Toward a cognitive-affective model of athletic burnout. Journal of sport and exercise psychology, 8(1), 36-50.
Stoeber, J. (2018). Comparing two short forms of the Hewitt–Flett multidimensional perfectionism scale. Assessment, 25(5), 578-588.
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2014). Using multivariate statistics, 6th Edn. Essex, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Terry-Short, L., Owens, R. G., Slade, P., & Dewey, M. (1995). Positive and negative perfectionism. Personality and individual differences, 18(5), 663-668.
Thelwell, R. C., Wagstaff, C. R., Chapman, M. T., & Kenttä, G. (2017). Examining coaches’ perceptions of how their stress influences the coach–athlete relationship. Journal of sports sciences, 35(19), 1928-1939.
Tourish, D. (2020). Introduction to the special issue: Why the coronavirus crisis is also a crisis of leadership leadership, 16(3), 261-272.
Watson, D. R., Hill, A. P., & Madigan, D. J. (2021). Perfectionism and Attitudes toward Sport Psychology Support and Mental Health Support in Athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 1(aop), 1-16.
Weinberg, R. S., and Gould, D. (2015). Foundations of sport and exercise psychology, 6th Edn. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Zandi, H. G., Zarei, S., Besharat, M. A., & Zadeh, A. B. (2021). Iranian Coaches Forgiveness and Relationship Quality to Their Athletes. International Sport Coaching Journal, 1(aop), 1-8.
Zandi, A. G., & Zarei, S. (2020). The Relationship between Coaches Verbal Aggressiveness and Competitive Anxiety among Adolescent: A Mental Toughness Mediation Analysis. Journal of motor and behavioral sciences, 3(2), 149-157.
Zarei, S., Zandi, H. G., Besharat, M. A., Abadi, D. H. S., & Zadeh, F. B. (2021). Modeling the Quality of the Coach-Athlete Relationship Based on Coaches Perfectionism: the Mediating Role of Forgiveness and Controlling Behavior. Sport Psychology Studies, 9(34), 305-30