Validation of The Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale(SAWS) with convergent and divergent validity
Keywords: Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale, Personality, Factor analysis, Validity, Reliability,
Abstract :
The present study was conducted with the aim of introducing and investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale(SAWS). Among all undergraduate students of Shiraz University in during the academic year 2023-2024, 421 people were selected by multi- stage cluster random sampeling and completed the Self-Assessed Wisdom Scale(Webster, 2007) and NEO Questionnaire¬(Goldberg, 1999). Research data has been analyzed in SPSS-22 and AMOS-22. The results confirmatory factor showed that the structure of the questionnaire had a good fit with the data and all goodness of fit indices were confirmed for the five -factor model. In addition, the values of Cronbach’s alpha have been reported for the component of the self-assessed wisdom between 0/55 to 0/76 and for total wisdom score of0/80 which indicates the reliability of the desired tool. The correlation coefficients between total SAWS scale and neuroticism dimensions of personality was obtained as 0/36 and -0/17, respectively, which indicates the convergent and divergent validity of this tool. The results show that the self-assessed wisdom Scale can be used as a suitable tool for recognizing wisdom in students
References:
خرمائی، فرهاد و فرمانی، اعظم (1393). بررسی شاخص¬های روان¬سنجی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت. روش¬ها و مد¬لهاي روان شناختي، 4(16)، 29-39
. محتشمی، مریم؛ ضرغامی، محمدحسبن؛ نیوشا، بهشته(1402). انتخاب مناسب ترین سوالات شخصیت در سنجش ابعاد شخصیتی: ترکیب نظریه خصیصه مکنون و تحلیل داده های شبکه. مجله روانشناسی،7 2(106)، 154-164.
علیزاده، محسن؛ عالیپور بیرگانی، سیروس و شهنی ییلاق، منیچه. (1402). بررسی رابطه الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و سرزندگی تحصیلی: نقش واسطه گری راهبردهای یادگیری خودتنظیمی. مجله روانشناسی،7 2(107)، 304 تا 312 .
فتحی، لیلا؛ فراهانی، محمدنقی و خانی¬پور، حمید. (1403). رابطه پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت با رضایت شغلی: نقش واسطه ای استرس شغلی و ادراک از عدالت رویهای. مجله روانشاسی،28(109)، 90-100.
Abstract Aldwin, C. M. (2009). Gender and wisdom: A brief overview. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 1–8
. Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324
. Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–136
. Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1254–1266
. Brienza, J. P., Kung, F. Y. H., Santos, H. C., Bobocel, D. R., Grossmann, I. (2018). Wisdom, bias, and balance: Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdom-related cognition. Personality and Social Psychology, 115, 1093–1126
. Brudek, P. J., Płudowska, M., Steuden, S., & Sękowski, A. (2021). Gerotranscendence and humor styles: the mediating role of generativity and wisdom. International Journal of Humor Research, 34(3), 1-17
. Chang, A. M., Chau, J. P.C, Holroyd, E.(1999). Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence. Advanced Nursing, 29(2):316–22
. Cheraghi, F., Webster, J., Kadivar, P., Asgari, A, & Mazlum, F.(2021). Validating the Self-assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) in an Iranian Sample: Psychometric and Developmental Findings. Cross Cultural Gerontol. 36(4),407-429
. Ellis, M. V. (1999). Repeated measures designs. Counseling Psychologist, 27(4):552–78
. Ferrari, M., Alhosseini, F. (2019). Cultural differences in wisdom and conceptions of wisdom. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 409–428). Cambridge University Press
. Fung, S, Kong, C.Y.W, Huang, Q.(2020). Evaluating the Dimensionality and Psychometric Properties of the Brief Self-Control Scale Amongst Chinese University Students. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement. 10,1–10
. Glück, J. (2018). New developments in psychological wisdom research: A growing field of increasing importance. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 1335–1338
. Glück, J., Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE Life Experience Model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari M., Weststrate N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 75–98). Springer. Gluck, J., & Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople’s conceptions of wisdom and its development: cognitive and integrative views. Gerontology Series B, 66(3), 321–324
.
Gluck, J., Konig, S., Naschenweng, K., Redzanowski, U., Dorner, L., Strasser, I., & Wiedermann, W. (2013). How to measure wisdom: Content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–13
. Glück, J., Weststrate, N. M. & Scherpf, A. (2022). Looking beyond linear: A closer examination of the relationship between wisdom and wellbeing. Paper submitted for publication. Happiness Studies,23(1), 3285–3313
. Glück, J., Weststrate, N. M.(2022). The Wisdom Researchers and the Elephant : An Integrative Model of Wise Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 26(24), 1-15
. Grossmann, I., Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon's paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–1580
.
Kline, R. B.(2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4th ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kunzmann, U. (2019). Performance-based measures of wisdom: State of the art and future directions. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 277–296). Cambridge University Press. Le, T. N., Levenson, M. R. (2005). Wisdom as self-transcendence: What’s love (individualism) got to do with it? Research in Personality, 39(4), 443–457
. Li, S. (2021). Psychological wellbeing, mindfulness, and immunity of teachers in second or foreign language education: a theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 720340
. Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Question naire. Research in Personality, 37, 48–75
. Nile, E., & Van Bergen, P. (2015). Not all semantics: Similarities and differences in reminiscing function and content between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Memory, 23(1), 83–98
. Qu, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2017). Cultural differences and similarities in beliefs, practices, and neural mechanisms of emotion regulation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 36–44
. Randall, W. L. (2011). Memory, metaphor, and meaning: Reading for wisdom in the stories of our lives. In G. Kenyon, E. Bohlmeijer, & W. Randall (Eds.), Storying later life: Issues, investigations, and interventions in narrative gerontology (pp. 20–38). Oxford University Press. Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 281–285
. shrira, I., Wisman, A., & Noguchi, K. (2018). Diversity of historical ancestry and personality traits across 56 cultures. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 44–48
. Sternberg, R., J.,Glück, J & Karami, S .(2022). The Psychology of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press. In R.J., Strernberg & J. Gluck. 53-69. Psychological Theories of Wisdom,53-69
. Sternberg, R. J. (2020). The augmented theory of successful intelligence. In Cambridge hand book of intelligence, (2Ed).In R. J. Sternberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2, 679 – 708
. Sternberg, R. J. (2023). Introduction: Intelligence, creativity, and wisdom: A brief intellectual history of the theory and research on their interrelationships. In R. J. Sternberg., J. C. Kaufman, & S. Karami (Eds.), Intelligence, creativity, and wisdom: Exploring their connections and distinctions (1-20). Palgrave-Macmillan. Tamara, L. G., & Bennett, E. P. (2015). Big fivepersonality and academic dishonesty: A metaanalytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 5961Guilford Press#. Taylor, M., Bates, G., Webster, J. D. (2011).Comparing the psychometric properties of two measures of wisdom: predicting forgiveness and psychological well-being with the self-assessed wisdom scale (SAWS) and the three- dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS). Experimental Aging Research 37(2):241-55
. Tiberius, V. (2008). The reflective life: Living wisely with our limits. Oxford University Press
. Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22
. Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65(2), 163–183
. Webster, J. D. (2010). Wisdom and positive psychosocial values in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 70–80
. Webster, J. D. (2019). Self-report wisdom measures: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 297–320). Cambridge University Press. Crossref. Webster, J. D., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Wisdom and mental health across the lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 209–218
. Webster, J. D., & Deng, C. (2015). Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttrau matic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma.20,(3):253–66
. Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., Pierce, T. W.(2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood. Emerg Adulthood. 6(2),118–136
. Weststrate, N. M., Bluck, S., Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom of the crowd: Exploring people’s conceptions of wisdom. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp.97–121). Cambridge University Press. Wheeler, E. A. (2013). Amusing ourselves to health: A selected review of lab findings. In J. Sinnott (Ed.), Positive Psychology: Advances in Understanding Adult Motivation (pp. 79–94). Springer
. Yang, S. (2001). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 662–680.
Yue, X., Jiang, F., Lu, S., & Hiranandani, N. (2016). To be or not to be humorous? Cross cultural perspectives on humor. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–10
.
Zhang, K., Shi, J., Wang, F. & Ferrari, M.(2023). Wisdom: Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns. Current Psychology, 24, 15030–15051.
خرمائی، فرهاد و فرمانی، اعظم (1393). بررسی شاخص¬های روان¬سنجی فرم کوتاه پرسشنامه پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت. روش¬ها و مد¬لهاي روان شناختي، 4(16)، 29-39
. محتشمی، مریم؛ ضرغامی، محمدحسبن؛ نیوشا، بهشته(1402). انتخاب مناسب ترین سوالات شخصیت در سنجش ابعاد شخصیتی: ترکیب نظریه خصیصه مکنون و تحلیل داده های شبکه. مجله روانشناسی،7 2(106)، 154-164.
علیزاده، محسن؛ عالیپور بیرگانی، سیروس و شهنی ییلاق، منیچه. (1402). بررسی رابطه الگوهای ارتباطی خانواده و سرزندگی تحصیلی: نقش واسطه گری راهبردهای یادگیری خودتنظیمی. مجله روانشناسی،7 2(107)، 304 تا 312 .
فتحی، لیلا؛ فراهانی، محمدنقی و خانی¬پور، حمید. (1403). رابطه پنج عامل بزرگ شخصیت با رضایت شغلی: نقش واسطه ای استرس شغلی و ادراک از عدالت رویهای. مجله روانشاسی،28(109)، 90-100.
Abstract Aldwin, C. M. (2009). Gender and wisdom: A brief overview. Research in Human Development, 6(1), 1–8
. Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a Three-Dimensional Wisdom Scale. Research on Aging, 25(3), 275–324
. Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M. (2000). Wisdom: A metaheuristic (pragmatic) to orchestrate mind and virtue toward excellence. American Psychologist, 55(1), 122–136
. Bangen, K. J., Meeks, T. W., Jeste, D. V. (2013). Defining and assessing wisdom: A review of the literature. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21(12), 1254–1266
. Brienza, J. P., Kung, F. Y. H., Santos, H. C., Bobocel, D. R., Grossmann, I. (2018). Wisdom, bias, and balance: Toward a process-sensitive measurement of wisdom-related cognition. Personality and Social Psychology, 115, 1093–1126
. Brudek, P. J., Płudowska, M., Steuden, S., & Sękowski, A. (2021). Gerotranscendence and humor styles: the mediating role of generativity and wisdom. International Journal of Humor Research, 34(3), 1-17
. Chang, A. M., Chau, J. P.C, Holroyd, E.(1999). Translation of questionnaires and issues of equivalence. Advanced Nursing, 29(2):316–22
. Cheraghi, F., Webster, J., Kadivar, P., Asgari, A, & Mazlum, F.(2021). Validating the Self-assessed Wisdom Scale (SAWS) in an Iranian Sample: Psychometric and Developmental Findings. Cross Cultural Gerontol. 36(4),407-429
. Ellis, M. V. (1999). Repeated measures designs. Counseling Psychologist, 27(4):552–78
. Ferrari, M., Alhosseini, F. (2019). Cultural differences in wisdom and conceptions of wisdom. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 409–428). Cambridge University Press
. Fung, S, Kong, C.Y.W, Huang, Q.(2020). Evaluating the Dimensionality and Psychometric Properties of the Brief Self-Control Scale Amongst Chinese University Students. Quantitative Psychology and Measurement. 10,1–10
. Glück, J. (2018). New developments in psychological wisdom research: A growing field of increasing importance. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 73, 1335–1338
. Glück, J., Bluck, S. (2013). The MORE Life Experience Model: A theory of the development of personal wisdom. In Ferrari M., Weststrate N. M. (Eds.), The scientific study of personal wisdom (pp. 75–98). Springer. Gluck, J., & Bluck, S. (2011). Laypeople’s conceptions of wisdom and its development: cognitive and integrative views. Gerontology Series B, 66(3), 321–324
.
Gluck, J., Konig, S., Naschenweng, K., Redzanowski, U., Dorner, L., Strasser, I., & Wiedermann, W. (2013). How to measure wisdom: Content, reliability, and validity of five measures. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 1–13
. Glück, J., Weststrate, N. M. & Scherpf, A. (2022). Looking beyond linear: A closer examination of the relationship between wisdom and wellbeing. Paper submitted for publication. Happiness Studies,23(1), 3285–3313
. Glück, J., Weststrate, N. M.(2022). The Wisdom Researchers and the Elephant : An Integrative Model of Wise Behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 26(24), 1-15
. Grossmann, I., Kross, E. (2014). Exploring Solomon's paradox: Self-distancing eliminates the self-other asymmetry in wise reasoning about close relationships in younger and older adults. Psychological Science, 25(8), 1571–1580
.
Kline, R. B.(2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. 4th ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
Kunzmann, U. (2019). Performance-based measures of wisdom: State of the art and future directions. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 277–296). Cambridge University Press. Le, T. N., Levenson, M. R. (2005). Wisdom as self-transcendence: What’s love (individualism) got to do with it? Research in Personality, 39(4), 443–457
. Li, S. (2021). Psychological wellbeing, mindfulness, and immunity of teachers in second or foreign language education: a theoretical review. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 720340
. Martin, R. A., Puhlik-Doris, P., Larsen, G., Gray, J., & Weir, K. (2003). Individual differences in uses of humor and their relation to psychological well-being: Development of the Humor Styles Question naire. Research in Personality, 37, 48–75
. Nile, E., & Van Bergen, P. (2015). Not all semantics: Similarities and differences in reminiscing function and content between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Memory, 23(1), 83–98
. Qu, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2017). Cultural differences and similarities in beliefs, practices, and neural mechanisms of emotion regulation. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 23(1), 36–44
. Randall, W. L. (2011). Memory, metaphor, and meaning: Reading for wisdom in the stories of our lives. In G. Kenyon, E. Bohlmeijer, & W. Randall (Eds.), Storying later life: Issues, investigations, and interventions in narrative gerontology (pp. 20–38). Oxford University Press. Salovey, P., & Grewal, D. (2005). The science of emotional intelligence. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(6), 281–285
. shrira, I., Wisman, A., & Noguchi, K. (2018). Diversity of historical ancestry and personality traits across 56 cultures. Personality and Individual Differences, 128, 44–48
. Sternberg, R., J.,Glück, J & Karami, S .(2022). The Psychology of Wisdom. Cambridge University Press. In R.J., Strernberg & J. Gluck. 53-69. Psychological Theories of Wisdom,53-69
. Sternberg, R. J. (2020). The augmented theory of successful intelligence. In Cambridge hand book of intelligence, (2Ed).In R. J. Sternberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2, 679 – 708
. Sternberg, R. J. (2023). Introduction: Intelligence, creativity, and wisdom: A brief intellectual history of the theory and research on their interrelationships. In R. J. Sternberg., J. C. Kaufman, & S. Karami (Eds.), Intelligence, creativity, and wisdom: Exploring their connections and distinctions (1-20). Palgrave-Macmillan. Tamara, L. G., & Bennett, E. P. (2015). Big fivepersonality and academic dishonesty: A metaanalytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 72, 5961Guilford Press#. Taylor, M., Bates, G., Webster, J. D. (2011).Comparing the psychometric properties of two measures of wisdom: predicting forgiveness and psychological well-being with the self-assessed wisdom scale (SAWS) and the three- dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS). Experimental Aging Research 37(2):241-55
. Tiberius, V. (2008). The reflective life: Living wisely with our limits. Oxford University Press
. Webster, J. D. (2003). An exploratory analysis of a self-assessed wisdom scale. Journal of Adult Development, 10(1), 13–22
. Webster, J. D. (2007). Measuring the character strength of wisdom. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 65(2), 163–183
. Webster, J. D. (2010). Wisdom and positive psychosocial values in young adulthood. Journal of Adult Development, 17(2), 70–80
. Webster, J. D. (2019). Self-report wisdom measures: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp. 297–320). Cambridge University Press. Crossref. Webster, J. D., Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2014). Wisdom and mental health across the lifespan. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69, 209–218
. Webster, J. D., & Deng, C. (2015). Paths from trauma to intrapersonal strength: Worldview, posttrau matic growth, and wisdom. Journal of Loss and Trauma.20,(3):253–66
. Webster, J. D., Weststrate, N. M., Ferrari, M., Munroe, M., Pierce, T. W.(2018). Wisdom and meaning in emerging adulthood. Emerg Adulthood. 6(2),118–136
. Weststrate, N. M., Bluck, S., Glück, J. (2019). Wisdom of the crowd: Exploring people’s conceptions of wisdom. In Sternberg R. J., Glück J. (Eds.), Cambridge handbook of wisdom (pp.97–121). Cambridge University Press. Wheeler, E. A. (2013). Amusing ourselves to health: A selected review of lab findings. In J. Sinnott (Ed.), Positive Psychology: Advances in Understanding Adult Motivation (pp. 79–94). Springer
. Yang, S. (2001). Conceptions of wisdom among Taiwanese Chinese. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(6), 662–680.
Yue, X., Jiang, F., Lu, S., & Hiranandani, N. (2016). To be or not to be humorous? Cross cultural perspectives on humor. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1–10
.
Zhang, K., Shi, J., Wang, F. & Ferrari, M.(2023). Wisdom: Meaning, structure, types, arguments, and future concerns. Current Psychology, 24, 15030–15051.