The comparison of affective and cognitive empathy and facial mimicry when facing with verbal and nonverbal expressions of emotion in people with borderline personality traits.

Abstract :

Introduction: Emotion recognition and empathy defects are considered as the foundation of interpersonal problems of borderline personality disorder patients. Some studies report a decrease in emotion recognition and facial mimicry in people with borderline personality disorder, and some report an increase. The present study aims to compare the facial sensitivity of normal people and people with borderline personality traits to verbal and non-verbal expressions of emotion and clarify whether the two groups have differences in emotional and cognitive empathy. Method: The current research was an experimental type with repeated measurement of three factors. Its statistical population was the students of Zanjan University in 1400-1399which were screened by the available sampling method in terms of borderline personality traits, and among them 30 borderline people and 30 normal people were randomly selected and exposed to emotional expressions and interpersonal reactivity questionnaire. The results were analyzed using Spss22 software. Result: borderline people performed better than normal people in emotional empathy (p=/001) and Fantasy scale (p=/001) of cognitive empathy. There was no significant difference in the facial mimicry of borderline people when faced with verbal and non-verbal expressions of sadness, But in the emotion of anger in verbal expression, normal people performed better (p=/002). Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies, borderline people had more empathy than normal people. and the similarity of facial expressions between the two groups shows that emotional contagion and facial expressions form the basis of emotional empathy .Key words: Borderline personality disorder, Empathy, Facial mimicry

References:

1. خدابخش، محمدرضا و منصوری، پروین،(1392). بررسی رابطه عفو با همدلی در دانشجویان پزشکی و پرستاری. فصلنامه ي دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی گنابـاد، دوره 18، شـماره¬2، ص 54-45. 2. محمد زاده، علی و رضایی، اکبر (1390). اعتبار سنجی پرسشنامه ی شخصیت مرزی در جامعه ی ایرانی. مجله ی علوم رفتاری، دوره 5، شماره 3، ص 277-269. 3. ریو،جان مارشال(2015).انگیزش و هیجان. ترجمه یحیی سید محمدی(1394) تهران: نشر ویرایش، ویراست ششم،499-498 References 1. Eklund, J. H., & Meranius, M. S. (2021). Toward a consensus on the nature of empathy: A review of reviews. Patient Education and Counseling, 104(2), 300-307.
2. Salgado, R. M., Pedrosa, R., & Bastos-Leite, A. J. (2020). Dysfunction of empathy and related processes in borderline personality disorder: a systematic review. Harvard review of psychiatry, 28(4), 238.
3. Dorris, L., Young, D., Barlow, J., Byrne, K., & Hoyle, R. (2022). Cognitive empathy across the lifespan. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 64(12), 1524-1531.
4. Decety, J. (2015). The neural pathways, development and functions of empathy. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 3, 1-6.
5. Gunderson, J. G., Herpertz, S. C., Skodol, A. E., Torgersen, S., & Zanarini, M. C. (2018). Borderline personality disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 4, 18029
6. Preti, E., Richetin, J., Poggi, A., & Fertuck, E. (2023). A model of trust processes in borderline personality disorder: A systematic review. Current Psychiatry Reports, 25(11), 555-567.
7. Steinbrenner, A., Bertsch, K., Berger, C., Krauch, M., Spieß, K., Kleindienst, N., ... & Neukel, C. (2022). Decreased facial reactivity and mirroring in women with Borderline Personality Disorder-A facial electromyography study. Psychiatry Research Communications, 2(2), 100040.
8. Niedtfeld, I. (2017). Experimental investigation of cognitive and affective empathy in borderline personality disorder: effects of ambiguity in multimodal social information processing. Psychiatry Research, 253, 58-63.
9. Borgomaneri, S., Bolloni, C., Sessa, P., & Avenanti, A. (2020). Blocking facial mimicry affects recognition of facial and body expressions. PloS one, 15(2), e0229364.
10. Luckhurst, C., Hatfield, E., & Gelvin-Smith, C. (2017). Capacity for empathy and emotional contagion in those with psychopathic personalities. Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, 11(1), 70-91.
11. Martin, F., Flasbeck, V., Brown, E. C., & Brüne, M. (2017). Altered mu-rhythm suppression in borderline personality disorder. Brain Research, 1659, 64-70.
12. Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Asperger syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 34, 163-175.
13. Lind, M., Thomsen, D. K., Bøye, R., Heinskou, T., Simonsen, S., & Jørgensen, C. R. (2019). Personal and parents’ life stories in patients with borderline personality disorder. Scandinavian journal of psychology, 60(3), 231-242.
14. Graumann, L., Cho, A. B., Kulakova, E., Deuter, C. E., Wolf, O. T., Roepke, S., ... & Wingenfeld, K. (2023). Impact of social exclusion on empathy in women with borderline personality disorder. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 273(4), 865-874.
15. Wingenfeld, K., Duesenberg, M., Fleischer, J., Roepke, S., Dziobek, I., Otte, C., & Wolf, O. T. (2018). Psychosocial stress differentially affects emotional empathy in women with borderline personality disorder and healthy controls. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 137(3), 206-215.
16. Ritter, K., Dziobek, I., Preißler, S., Rüter, A., Vater, A., Fydrich, T., ... & Roepke, S. (2011). Lack of empathy in patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry research, 187(1-2), 241-247.
17. Rymarczyk, K., Żurawski, Ł., Jankowiak-Siuda, K., & Szatkowska, I. (2019). Empathy in facial mimicry of fear and disgust: simultaneous EMG-fMRI recordings during observation of static and dynamic facial expressions. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 701.
18. Sato, W., Fujimura, T., & Suzuki, N. (2008). Enhanced facial EMG activity in response to dynamic facial expressions. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 70(1), 70-74.
19. Pizarro-Campagna, E., Terrett, G., Jovev, M., Rendell, P. G., Henry, J. D., & Chanen, A. M. (2020). Rapid facial mimicry responses are preserved in youth with first presentation borderline personality disorder. Journal of affective disorders, 266, 14-21.
20. Perini, I., Gustafsson, P. A., Hamilton, J. P., Kämpe, R., Mayo, L. M., Heilig, M., & Zetterqvist, M. (2019). Brain-based classification of negative social bias in adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury: findings from simulated online social interaction. EClinicalMedicine, 13, 81-90.
21. Baschnagel, J. S., Coffey, S. F., Hawk Jr, L. W., Schumacher, J. A., & Holloman, G. (2013). Psychophysiological assessment of emotional processing in patients with borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid substance use. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 4(3), 203.
22. Matzke, B., Herpertz, S. C., Berger, C., Fleischer, M., & Domes, G. (2014). Facial reactions during emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: a facial electromyography study. Psychopathology, 47(2), 101-110.
23. Batson, C. Daniel(2009). These Things Called Empathy: Eight Related but Distinct Phenomena, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 4-8.
24. Iacoboni, Marco, Imitation, Empathy and Mirror Neurons, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2009. 60:653–70
25. Ferrari, P. F., & Coudé, G. (2018). Mirror neurons, embodied emotions, and empathy. In Neuronal correlates of empathy (pp. 67-77). Academic Press.
26. Franzen, N., Hagenhoff, M., Baer, N., Schmidt, A., Mier, D., Sammer, G., ... & Lis, S. (2011). Superior ‘theory of mind’in borderline personality disorder: an analysis of interaction behavior in a virtual trust game. Psychiatry research, 187(1-2), 224-233.
27. Leichsenring, F. (1999). Development and first results of the Borderline Personality Inventory: A self-report instrument for assessing borderline personality organization. Journal of Personality Assessment, 73(1), 45-63
28. Fridlund, A. J., & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). Guidelines for human electromyographic research. Psychophysiology, 23(5), 567-589.
29. Davis, M.H., (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: evidence for a multidimensional approach. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 44 (1), 113–126.
30. Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009). Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions. Brain, 132(3), 617-627..
31. Petersen, R., Brakoulias, V., & Langdon, R. (2016). An experimental investigation of mentalization ability in borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive psychiatry, 64, 12-21.
32. Flasbeck, V., Enzi, B., & Brüne, M. (2017). Altered empathy for psychological and physical pain in borderline personality disorder. Journal of personality disorders, 31(5), 689-708.
33. Schulze, L., Domes, G., Köppen, D., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013). Enhanced detection of emotional facial expressions in borderline personality disorder. Psychopathology, 46(4), 217-224..
34. Meehan.B, Kevin; De Panfilis, Chiara; Cain, Nicole M; Antonucci, Camilla; Soliani, Antonio; Clarkin, John. F; Sambataro, Fabio(2017).Facial Emotion Recognition and Borderline Personality Pathology, Psychiatry Research,. 05. 042
35. Dziobek, I., Preißler, S., Grozdanovic, Z., Heuser, I., Heekeren, H. R., & Roepke, S. (2011). Neuronal correlates of altered empathy and social cognition in borderline personality disorder. Neuroimage, 57(2), 539-548.