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    Journal of Psychology ( Scientific Research )
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    Journal of Psychology

    Iranian Association of Psychology

    International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS)


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    • Open Access Article

      1 - Effectiveness of Mindfulness training on self-compassion and vitality of mothers with children with learning disabilities
      Batool Zare Seyedeh Zahra Emadi zahra naghsh
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the Self-Compassion and Vitality in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Based on purpose the research was applied with a semi-experimental design with pre-test, and post-test. T More
      This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness training on the Self-Compassion and Vitality in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Based on purpose the research was applied with a semi-experimental design with pre-test, and post-test. The statistical population of the study was mothers of children with learning disabilities in Tehran in the first six months of 1400. The sample consisted of 30 mothers who were selected as the final sample by purposive sampling method and were randomly divided into two groups of experiments and control (each Group with 15 mothers). Self-compassion scale (Neff, 2003) and vitality Ryan and Frederick (1997) was used. The experimental group received ten sessions of mindfulness traning and the control group got no training. The results of covariance analysis showed that the Self-Compassion and Vitality were significantly different in the experimental group. So mindfulness training can be used as an effective way to improve Self-Compassion and Vitality in mothers with children with learning disabilities. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      2 - The effect of dialectical behavior therapy skills on self-criticism and self-compassion of adolescent girls with a history of self-injury
      Maryam Amirinia Mahdi Imani Mohammad Ali Goodarzi
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Background and Purpose: Due to the high rate of self-injury in adolescents in 2022 and its destructive effect, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dialectical behavior therapy on self-criticism and self-compassion of adolescents with a history of s More
      Background and Purpose: Due to the high rate of self-injury in adolescents in 2022 and its destructive effect, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dialectical behavior therapy on self-criticism and self-compassion of adolescents with a history of self-injury behaviors. Materials and Methods: The design of the present study is a single-subject experiment with several baselines. For this purpose, 3 female adolescents in Shiraz with a history of self-injury behaviors were selected by purposive sampling. Research tools included self-criticism questionnaires (FSCRS) of Gilbert et al., Neff Self-compassion questionnaires (SCS), and structured clinical interviews for personality disorders (SCID-5 PD). Each person was randomly assigned to the baseline stage over a period of two, three, or four weeks. They then received 16 sessions of treatment and then a follow-up after one month. Findings: Dialectical behavior therapy was effective in reducing self-criticism and increasing self-compassion in all three clients after treatment, but the stability of the treatment effect remained only for the first and second clients. Conclusion: It seems that the application of dialectical behavior therapy skills with the cooperation and support of parents can be associated with a decrease in self-criticism and increased self-compassion of female adolescents with a history of self-injury behaviors Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      3 - Construction and Normalization of computerized working memory test for children
      AliAkbar Shariifi Hossein Zare
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Introduction: In the case of working memory in children, due to the basic challenges in evaluating it, there are few tools. The present study was conducted to develop and Normalization Working memory test for children. Methods: This research was a descriptive study an More
      Introduction: In the case of working memory in children, due to the basic challenges in evaluating it, there are few tools. The present study was conducted to develop and Normalization Working memory test for children. Methods: This research was a descriptive study and test construction. Among the first to sixth grade students of Shahrekord, 324 students were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method and were measured by computerized working memory test for children. Results:The reliability of the whole test was obtained 0.814 by using retest method. Also, Our results suggested a significant positive correlation between Working Memory Test Battery for Children and the computerized working memory test for children in the range of 0.513 to 0.791. result of exploratory factor analyses using principal component analysis with varimax rotation showed that 9 subscales explained 86.54% of the variance of the data. The first, second, third, and fourth factors explained 29.42, 19.78, 18.86, and 18.49 percent of variance, respectively. Conclusion:The computerized working memory test for children has satisfactory psychometric properties in the Iranian children's pupulation, which can be used to measure children's working memory. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      4 - Comparison of the Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy and Short-term Solution-focused Therapy on the Quality of Life and Resilience of Teenage girls with Heart Disease
      hadi AkbariNejhad Mahak Nagizadeh Alamdari
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      this study aims to compare the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and short-term solution-focused therapy (SSFT) on quality of life and resilience in patients with heart disease. The method of this study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-tes More
      this study aims to compare the efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) and short-term solution-focused therapy (SSFT) on quality of life and resilience in patients with heart disease. The method of this study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow up with the control group. The population of this study consisted of all Female students with heart disease the second secondary school in Jolfa in the academic year 2019-2020. In total, 45 Female students were selected by purposive sampling method, who were randomly divided into three groups (Each group 15 people). Members of both experimental groups received their treatment, respectively, in 8 and 6 sessions of 1.5 hours; however, the control group did not receive any treatment. Measuring instruments were quality of life and Connor and Davidson's resilience questionnaire. Analysis of findings through repeated measures analysis of variance & Bonferroni post hoc test. Both treatments compared to the control group, increased quality of life and resilience in patient after the test. In the follow-up phase, the effect of these two treatments on quality of life and resilience was lasting. The effect of these two treatments on quality of life and resilience at posttest and follow-up was not different. It seems that these two therapies can increase the acceptance of the disease in heart patients, so they can probably be considered as a useful treatment strategy to improve the mental status of heart patients. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      5 - The Mediating Role of Academic Enjoyment in the Relationship Between Satisfaction of Psychological Needs and Students' Agentic engagement
      Mahdi Sadri Hadi Samadieh samane deilami
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of academic enjoyment in the relationship between satisfaction of psychological needs in relation to professors and students' agentic engagement. The present study is a basic research in terms of purpose with d More
      The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of academic enjoyment in the relationship between satisfaction of psychological needs in relation to professors and students' agentic engagement. The present study is a basic research in terms of purpose with descriptive-correlational method. The study population included all students of Birjand University during the academic year 2021-2022. In total, 400 students were selected based on convenience sampling method to complete the Academic Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ) (Pekrun et al., 2005), the Basic Needs Satisfaction Scale in BNS-RS (LaGuardia et al., 2000) and the Agentic Engagement Scale (SAGE, Mameli and Passini, 2019). AMOS-22 and SPSS-24 softwares were used to analyze the data. The results showed significant positive relationships between the variables of academic enjoyment, satisfaction of psychological needs and agentic engagement (P<0.01). Satisfaction of psychological needs (Need for autonomy and Need for relatedness) has a direct and significant effect on student's academic enjoyment and agentic engagement (P<0.001) and academic enjoyment also has a positive and significant effect on students' agentic engagement (P<0.001). Satisfaction of psychological needs (relatedness) in relation to professors through academic enjoyment has an indirect and significant effect on agentic engagement (P<0.01). Therefore, the model has a good fit and it can be concluded that academic enjoyment has a mediating role in the relationship between the satisfaction of psychological needs in relation to professors and students' agentic engagement. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      6 - Investingation of the effectiveness of transdiagnostic Emotion Efficacy Therapy in Cardiovascular Reactions and Quality of Sleep in war-Related Post Traumatic Stress disorder
      Jafar Mirzaee Mohammad hatami Jafar Hasani
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      This study has been done with aim of effectiveness trans diagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency, cardio-vascular reaction, sleep quality and psychological flexibility of the prisoners with PTSD. The research method was semi-exprimental with pre-test, post-tes More
      This study has been done with aim of effectiveness trans diagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency, cardio-vascular reaction, sleep quality and psychological flexibility of the prisoners with PTSD. The research method was semi-exprimental with pre-test, post-test and the control group with monthly period follow-up. The statistical population included all patients referred to Sadr psychiatry hospital in Tehran in the years 1400-1401, from which 30 people were selected in an accessible and purposeful manner and randomly assigned to exprimental (n=15) and control (n=15) groups In order to gathering data, efficiency emotion scale (EES-2), depression scale, anxiety and stress (DASS-21), psychological flexibility form and Pitesbourg sleep quality index (PSQI) and estimate vital signs by pressure gauge device were used Data were analysed using repeated measures analysis of variance The result of analysis showed that, there was significant difference between the exprimental group and control group in terms of dependent variable in pre-test phase towards post-test in monthly period follow-up The examination of the follow-up periods showed that, there was no significant difference between monthly follow-up and post-test periods. The presistence of the treatment effect over time and a month after end of meetings From the above findings, it can be concluded that, transdiagnostic therapy based on emotion efficiency has been a remarkable effect on decrease of depression, anxiety, stress and cardio vascular reaction signs and less effectiveness in psychological flexibility. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      7 - A comparative study of the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being and the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in two groups of teenagers with and without a history of parental divorce
      sara Naderi masoud gholamali lavasani Sogand Ghasemzadeh
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      The aim of the present study is to compare the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being and the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in two groups of teenagers with and without a history of divorce. The descripti More
      The aim of the present study is to compare the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being and the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies in two groups of teenagers with and without a history of divorce. The descriptive research method is of the correlation type and based on the applied goal. The statistical population of the research included all teenage girls in the second secondary school in Tehran in the academic year 1400-1401. 300 students were selected to complete the questionnaires using random cluster sampling. The research tools included Rijekboar and Debo Children's Schema Questionnaire (SIC), Garnefsky and Kraij's Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies Questionnaire (CERQ) and Riff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (RSPWB). Structural equation modeling method and SPSS-24 and Amos-24 software were used for data analysis. The findings showed that the relationship between initial maladaptive schemas and psychological well-being is negative and significant. Also, the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and positive strategies for cognitive regulation of emotion is negative and significant, and the relationship between primary maladaptive schemas and negative strategies for cognitive regulation of emotion is positive and significant. The relationship between positive emotion regulation strategies and psychological well-being is positive and significant. Inconsistent schemas have an inverse and significant effect on psychological well-being through positive cognitive regulation strategies (β=-0.2, p<0.001). Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      8 - Psychometric Properties Of Bender – Gestalt(II) Test In Primary School Students
      alireza joshany mehdi arabzadeh
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Visual-Motor skill is essential for human development and an important part of psychological evaluations and allows a person to have sufficient interaction with her environment. In order to measure this important skill, it is better to use an objective and standard tool More
      Visual-Motor skill is essential for human development and an important part of psychological evaluations and allows a person to have sufficient interaction with her environment. In order to measure this important skill, it is better to use an objective and standard tool. Since for each psychological assessment tool, it is necessary to check the psychometric properties. The aim of the current research is to investigate the psychometric properties of B.G.V.M.T (2) in students aged 6 to 12 years. The current research was applied in terms of objective and descriptive research method of correlation type. The statistical population of the present study included all primary school students in the 4 educational districts of Qom in the academic year 1400-1401, which were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling, 374 girls and 444 boys from 8 schools. For the reliability of the test, retesting and dividing methods were used. The reliability coefficient obtained from the retesting of the test in the copy and recall phases was 0.85 and 0.78, respectively, and the average reliability coefficient was 0.67. To measure the validity of the test from 3 methods[calculating the correlation coefficients between the test scores of B.G.T (2) and Andre Ray and the inclusive scoring system and Koppitz, comparing the performance of children with and without learning disorders] was used. In general, according to results of the reliability and validity research conducted in this research, we can consider the B.G.T (2) with a G.S.S as a useful tool for measuring V.M ability of children. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      9 - The investigation the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) self-concept (Introject) questionnaire
      sara mirzaei feizabadi habib hadian fard Mohammad Reza Taghavi Mehdi Reza Sarafraz
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) self-concept (Introject) questionnaire (1974) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Method: The study participants were 324 students ( More
      Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Benjamin`s Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) self-concept (Introject) questionnaire (1974) in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Method: The study participants were 324 students (185 girls and 139 boys) who were studying in the second semester of 2023 academic year, and completed Benjamin`s SASB-self-concept (Introject) questionnaire (1974) Beck Depression Inventory-II (1996), Beck Anxiety Inventory (1988) and Beck Suicide Scale Ideation (1988). The Data were analyzed using correlation coefficient, Cronbach`s alpha coefficient, and confirmatory factor analysis in SPSS-26 and AMOS-25 software. Findings: The results show the reliability of this questionnaire through Cronbach's alpha coefficient and Spearman's and Guttman's correlation coefficients in the spilit-half method, as well as its validity through the convergent coefficients of the dimensions of this questionnaire with other valid tests and finally the construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis confirmed. Disscussion: In general, it can be concluded that Benjamin`s SASB-self-concept (Introject) questionnaire has very good reliability and validity in Iranian students. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      10 - Evaluation of Burnout Syndrome Among Physicians in Imam Hossein Hospital in Covid-19 Pandemic
      Shaghayegh Kamian Rozita Davari Ashtiani Mojgan Khademi
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Introduction: Burnout is a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. This study evaluated this syndrome in specialist and residents working in Imam Hossein center in Covid wards and other wards. Methods: Mas More
      Introduction: Burnout is a psychological syndrome of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. This study evaluated this syndrome in specialist and residents working in Imam Hossein center in Covid wards and other wards. Methods: Maslash Burnout Inventory survey was used in this study. The survey was recorded in porsline application and send to all physicians to participate in the research. Data were analyzed in SPSS with Shapiro-Wilk test, Independent T- Test, and Mann–Whitney U test. Results: In this study, 78 specialists and residents participated. Emotional exhaustion was 23.1%, depersonalization was 28.2%, and reduced personal accomplishment was 66.7%. Emotional exhaustion and depersonalization in level 1-2 residents were significantly more than higher levels, but, personal accomplishment was the same in all levels. The only parameter that was significantly different in Covid wards was reduced personal accomplishment (P.Value=0.041) and this was again significant different in participants who did not have children (P. Value= 0.021). There was not any difference in other variables. Conclusion: It was revealed that age under 40 years, female gender, nulliparity, and being resident were related with more burnout syndrome. In participants who were younger than 40 year old burnout syndrome was more common in all three scales. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      11 - Comparing the effectiveness of reality therapy and the approach of acceptance and commitment on citizenship education among the employees
      younes Gheisizadeh moloud keykhosrovani Ali Poladi Rishehri Naser  Amini
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      Today, human resources is considered the most vital strategic element and the most fundamental way to increase the effectiveness of the organization. Therefore, increasing citizenship education is an inevitable necessity for any organization. The purpose of the present More
      Today, human resources is considered the most vital strategic element and the most fundamental way to increase the effectiveness of the organization. Therefore, increasing citizenship education is an inevitable necessity for any organization. The purpose of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of the new group reality therapy approach and the approach based on acceptance and commitment on citizenship education among the employees of Bushehr city.The current research method is a semi-experimental type with a pre-test, post-test and control group design. The statistical population was all the employees of Bushehr city in 1400. The sample of the research was 45 employees who were selected by the available sampling method and were randomly placed in experimental groups (acceptance and commitment and reality therapy) and control. The citizenship education questionnaire (Tabesh, 2013) was used to collect data. The collected data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that reality therapy and an approach based on acceptance and commitment increased the citizenship education of the experimental groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). The results of the Bonferroni post hoc test showed that the effect of the approach based on acceptance and commitment on seeking participation, responsibility, self-confidence and citizenship education was significantly more than the education based on reality therapy. It is concluded that both reality therapy methods and acceptance and commitment are effective for improving employee citizenship education and these interventions can be used to increase organizational productivity. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      12 - Epistemic emotions during math problem-solving among children with specific learning disorder in mathematics
      Azadeh Pourrazagh Hamid reza Hassanabadi mehdi arabzadeh
      Issue 4 , Vol. 27 , Winter 2023
      The purpose of this study was to investigate how the level of difficulty of mathematical questions trigger the epistemic emotions (confusion, surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, anxiety, frustration and boredom) between students with mathematical disability (MLD) and high a More
      The purpose of this study was to investigate how the level of difficulty of mathematical questions trigger the epistemic emotions (confusion, surprise, curiosity, enjoyment, anxiety, frustration and boredom) between students with mathematical disability (MLD) and high achievement (HA) during math problem-solving. The method of this study was causal comparative. The statistical population of this study are all students from the 5th and 6th grade in Shiraz, which according to our purpose was: 15 with math disability (5 girls and 10 boys), and 15 with high achievement (8 girls and 9 boys). The statistical method of this study was repeated measures ANOVA and MANOVA. The results showed that the level of difficulty of the questions increased the anxiety, frustration, and boredom of students with math disabilities compared to HA group while the surprise was decreased, but there was no significant difference in the excitement and curiosity between the two groups. These findings show that the difficulty of the questions is significant, but what is remarkable about the findings is the role of math disabilities in addition to the level of difficulty plays in inducing these emotions. Manuscript profile
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    • Open Access Article

      1 - Mediating Effect of Moral Disengagement on the Relationship between Dark Traits of Personality and Infidelity Tendency
      Sajjad Basharpoor Mir Nader Miri
      Issue 3 , Vol. 22 , Autumn 2018
      This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dark traits of personality with infidelity tendency and role of moral disengagement as a mediator. Hence, 204 individuals, were selected by means of multistage cluster sampling from district 8 in Tehran and compl More
      This study aimed to investigate the relationship between dark traits of personality with infidelity tendency and role of moral disengagement as a mediator. Hence, 204 individuals, were selected by means of multistage cluster sampling from district 8 in Tehran and completed The Dark Triad Personality Questionnaire (Jonson and Webster, 2010), Moral Disengagement Questionnaire (Bandura, 1995), and Infidelity Tendency Questionnaire (Polat, 2006). Data were analyzed using the correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Findings from analysis showed that each of dark traits of personality had significant correlation with moral disengagement and infidelity tendency variables and also moral disengagement had a significant correlation with infidelity tendency. On the other hand, traits of Narcissism and Machiavellianism in addition to direct effect by moral disengagement have indirect effect over infidelity tendency. Finally, according to findings, it can be expressed that infidelity tendency the relation between traits of Narcissism and Machiavellianism with infidelity tendency plays a mediating role. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      2 - A Study of Psychometric Properties of Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) and its Relation to Academic Achievement
      Mohsen Afshar Elahe Hejazi Javad Ejei Nahid Sadeghi
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      The present study aims at investigating psychometric properties of Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) among a sample of senior high school students and to determine its role in predicting their academic achievement. To this end 527 senior high school students in Karaj More
      The present study aims at investigating psychometric properties of Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) among a sample of senior high school students and to determine its role in predicting their academic achievement. To this end 527 senior high school students in Karaj (city in Alborz Province) during the school year 2015-2016, were chosen using stratified proportional sampling and completed a questionnaire which consists of Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) and futurist present subscale. Exploratory factor analysis demonstrated that the structure of Future Time Perspective Scale (FTPS) after varimax rotation was clearly indicated the existence of four independent factors that is almost consistent with Husman and Shell (2008) classification of the items but second-order confirmatory factor analysis showed insignificant factorial load of extension component on future time perspective construct. Therefore, we can conclude that future time perspective of Iranian students only consist of three components: connection, value and speed. The results indicated acceptable reliability of FTPS. Regression analysis showed that these three factors significantly predict student's academic achievement. Manuscript profile

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      3 - Structural Relationship between Child Abuse and Emotion Dysregulation with Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder
      Talieh Moosavihondori Majid Mahmoud Alilou Yaser Madani
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      This research aims to investigate the structural relationship between child abuse and emotion dysregulation with symptoms of borderline personality disorder three hundred and seventy seven participants were chosen from Shiraz university students through convenience samp More
      This research aims to investigate the structural relationship between child abuse and emotion dysregulation with symptoms of borderline personality disorder three hundred and seventy seven participants were chosen from Shiraz university students through convenience sampling method. All participants completed Child Abuse Questionnaire, Difficulties in Emotion Dysregulation Scale and Schizotypal Trait Questionnaire (B form). Data were analyzed using SMART-PLS software and multiple regression. Findings suggest that among main types of child abuse, neglect relates to symptoms of borderline personality disorder directly and indirectly through emotion dysregulation as mediator variable. In addition, child emotional and sexual abuse both indirectly relate to symptoms of borderline personality disorder, through emotion dysregulation as mediator variable. Manuscript profile

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      4 - The Effectiveness of Group Counseling "Narrative Therapy" on Family Functioning among Women with Addicted Husbands
      Mohammad Khodayarifard Gholamreza Sohrabpour Elahe Hejazi
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling "Narrative therapy" on family functioning among women with addicted husbands. Present research was an experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design along with follo More
      The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effectiveness of group counseling "Narrative therapy" on family functioning among women with addicted husbands. Present research was an experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design along with follow up 1 month and 3 month. Participants were 44 persons of the 10 region of Tehran who had family functioning score lower than the mean of statistical population. They were selected based on the voluntary sampling procedure, and were also randomly assigned to two groups, experimental and control. After the early loss, each group was include 20 persons and is evaluated by Family Assessment Device (FAD) after doing interview in the same condition. The experimental group received 10 sessions of group counseling "Narrative therapy" and the control group did not received any intervention. Both groups were evaluated again at the end of intervention, 1 month and also 3 month after that. Data analyzed with repeated measure analysis of variance and Bonferroni post-hoc test. Family functioning the (problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, behavior control and general functioning) of women who received the sessions of group counseling "Narrative therapy" was improved significantly rather than they who did not received that. Manuscript profile

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      5 - The Moderating Role of Interal-External Locus of Control in the Relationship between Early Maladaptive Schemas and Social Anxiety in Adolescents
      Seyed Valliollah Mousavi Sajjad Rezaei Setareh Atefi Karajvandani Hamid Javanparast
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      The present study aims to investigate the mediator role of locus of control in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents. The statistical population included all male and female students of studying in state and non-state high More
      The present study aims to investigate the mediator role of locus of control in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and social anxiety in adolescents. The statistical population included all male and female students of studying in state and non-state high schools in Rasht District 1 in the academic year 2015-16. In a cross-sectional cluster sampling selected 400 students and responded to Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A), Yang Maladaptive Schemas Questionnaire and Rutter Locus of Control Scale. The collected data were analyzed by using Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients, Mediation hierarchical regression analysis with Baron and Kenny method. Pearson correlation analyses indicate a significant positive relationship between schemas of Disconnection/Rejection domain, Impaired Autonomy and/or Performance domain, Impaired Limits domain, Other-Directedness domain, Overvigilance/Inhibition domain and social anxiety, with values of 0.60, 0.55, 0.39, 0.54, 0.50 respectively. The results also revealed that this association, locus of control is not capable to modifying of the relationship between social anxiety and early maladaptive schemas (in any of domains). Manuscript profile

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      6 - Psychologists' Professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia
      Behnaz Dowran Ali Fathi-Ashtiani
      Issue 4 , Vol. 22 , Winter 2018
      the present study compares psychologists' professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia. The study population consisted of all countries with professional Codes of Ethics, of which, America, Canada, Britain, Australia, and Iran were purpo More
      the present study compares psychologists' professional Codes of Ethics in Iran, America, Canada, England, and Australia. The study population consisted of all countries with professional Codes of Ethics, of which, America, Canada, Britain, Australia, and Iran were purposively selected due to their progressiveness in the development of professional Codes of Ethics, and their ethical principles and standards were compared. The results obtained showed that with the exception of Iran and America, all codes studied had defined the basic concepts and terminologies after introduction. In addition, they all contained two main sections, namely, general principles and standards. The general principles were almost the same and common in these codes, and included respect for people's dignity, accountability, integrity, no discrimination or injustice, philanthropy, and avoidance of harm. The ethical standards in Iran’s and America's codes appear independently from the general principles. Meanwhile, the standards are presented under relevant ethical principles in the Australian, Canadian, and British codes. Iran's standards of ethical codes almost exactly match those of America's, and the only difference is in the order of presenting standards of "Accountability" and "Storing registered information and fees" and the extent of explanations and details. According to the present study, the following changes can contribute to a greater understanding and practicability of Iran's Code of Ethics: Providing definitions and explanations for specialized terminologies and general principles, adding more details to standards and considering local culture and religion. Manuscript profile

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      7 - Language Development in Persian-Speaking 6- to 7-Year-Old Children
      Mahnaz  Dehghan Tezerjani Parvin Kadivar Mohammad Hosein Abdollahi Hamid Reza Hasanabadi
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      Aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of cognitive abilities, socio-economic status, home literacy training environment, and demographic characters on development of Persian-language in children. To achieve the stated goal 105 seven to eights students wer More
      Aim of the current study was to evaluate the impact of cognitive abilities, socio-economic status, home literacy training environment, and demographic characters on development of Persian-language in children. To achieve the stated goal 105 seven to eights students were selected on the basis of cluster sampling. These children’s mothers responded Home Literacy Environment and demographics questionnaires and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI) and Test of Language Development (TOLD-P3) were administered on children. Results showed that all components of verbal IQ correlated with language development positively, but in non-verbal components, picture completion, mazes, geometric design and blocks were correlated positively with some components of language development such as relational vocabulary, oral vocabulary, grammatic understanding and semantics. In addition, language and literacy related resources and parents’ positive model in home literacy environment questionnaire were positively related to a number of language development components (such as picture vocabulary, oral vocabulary and relational vocabulary). The results of trend analysis using ANOVA indicated that parents’ education and family income improved language development, but there is no difference in language development between children who have been in daycare and children who haven’t been, and at this age, language development did not differ between males and females. In conclusion, it seems that Persian-speaking children's intelligence can predict their language development to some extent and families' income and parents’ education, as well as, home literacy environment impact children's language development of Persian-speaking children. Manuscript profile

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      8 - Compare the Effectiveness of Group Therapy Based on Acceptance and Commitment and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy on Reducing Anxiety of Mothers of Autistic Children
      Javad Ejei Maryam Sayadshirazy Masoud Gholamali Lavasani Abdolrahim Kasaei Esfahani
      Issue 1 , Vol. 22 , Spring 2018
      This study investigated the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment (ACT) compared with cognitive-behavior therapy on decreasing anxiety and increasing acceptance of mothers of autistic children. This study was quasi-experimental design with pr More
      This study investigated the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment (ACT) compared with cognitive-behavior therapy on decreasing anxiety and increasing acceptance of mothers of autistic children. This study was quasi-experimental design with pre-test and post-test with control group. The experimental groups were consisted of two groups based on acceptance and commitment group therapy (ACT) and cognitive- behavioral therapy (CBT) respectively. Both groups were received ten sessions treatment. 12 people were employed in the control group who were not treated. In order to evaluate the level of anxiety and acceptance, two questionnaires were used: Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II). Comparing treatment groups showed that between the effectiveness of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment with cognitive behavioral therapy on reducing maternal anxiety and promoting acceptance was not significantly different. However, the impact of group therapy based on acceptance and commitment in pre-test and follow-up was more than cognitive behavior therapy. Therefore, the current research and ACT provide empirical support for mothers with ASD children. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      9 - The Mediating Role of Positive and Negative Affect in the Relationship between Meaning in Life and Mental Health
      Leila Mohammadi Mohammad Ali Besharat Mohammad Reza Rezazade Masoud Gholamali Lavasani
      Issue 2 , Vol. 22 , Summer 2018
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative affect in the relationship between meaning in life and mental health. The sample consisted of 337 students (153 males and 184 females) from University of Tehran at three levels: BA, More
      The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating role of positive and negative affect in the relationship between meaning in life and mental health. The sample consisted of 337 students (153 males and 184 females) from University of Tehran at three levels: BA, MA and PHD. Participants are chosen by available sampling. The students answered the Crumbaugh Maholick (1964) Meaning of Life Questionnaire, Veit and Ware (1983) Mental Health Inventory and Watson et al (1988) Positive and Negative Affect Schedule. For analyzing data, we used some indexes such as Frequency, Percent, Standard deviation, Pearson correlation test and for proving the mediating role, we used Pathway analysis. The results showed a significant positive and negative relationship between meaning in life and psychological well-being as well as psychological distress. The Pathway analysis showed that positive and negative affect has mediating role in the relationship between meaning in life and mental health. According to the result, it can be concluded that, attention to meaning in life and improve it in students life lead to increasing positive affect and as a result can influence mental health and decrease expression of negative affect and psychological distress level. Manuscript profile

    • Open Access Article

      10 - The Effectiveness of Training of Emotionally-Focused Approach on Couple Burnout and Couples Tendency for Divorce
      Mohammad Mohammadi Javad Ejei Masoud Gholamali Lavasani
      Issue 4 , Vol. 22 , Winter 2018
      The present research was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training of emotionally-focused approach on couple burnout and tendency for divorce in couples. The population included all the couples who visited the Health House because of marital problem and conflic More
      The present research was aimed to investigate the effectiveness of training of emotionally-focused approach on couple burnout and tendency for divorce in couples. The population included all the couples who visited the Health House because of marital problem and conflict and lack of intimacy in their relationships. In the present research, by using available sampling method, 20 couples were selected who had the highest scores in the research questionnaire, and their assigned into two groups experiment and control (10 couples per group). Data gathering tools in the present research were Pains Couple Burnout Measure (1996) and the Divorce Tendency Scale of Roswelt, Jonson &, Moro (DTS) (1986), which were completed by the participations of both groups before and after the intervention. The results of the multivariate covariance analysis suggested that the training of emotionally-focused approach has led to significant decrease in couple burnout and two components of emotional exhaustion and mental fatigue in couples of the experiment group, but it has not been effective on reducing physical fatigue of the couples. Other results indicated that tendency to divorce in couples of the experiment group has had significant reduction compared to the control group. According to the findings of the present research, it can be concluded that training of the emotionally-focused approach has been able to be effective on reducing couple burnout and tendency to divorce in couples. Counselors and family therapists can use the findings of the present research for their clinical and therapeutic interventions. Manuscript profile
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